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EUROPEES INSTITUUT VOOR HET BELANG VAN HET KIND
EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD
EUROPÄISCHES INSTITUT FÜR DAS WOHL DES KINDES
INSTITUT EUROPÉEN POUR L'INTÉRÊT DE L'ENFANT
- Ter Voortlaan 58, B 2650 Edegem 2, Belgien - Tel. (nachmittags) & Fax 00.32.3.440 53 26 E-mail: de.man AD scarlet.be -


Jan Piet H. de Man, Dipl. Kinder- u. Familienpsychologe, anerkannter Scheidungs- und Familienmediator

ERGEBNISSE INTERNATIONALER TATSACHENFORSCHUNG ZUM WOHL DES TRENNUNGSKINDES:

"GEMEINSAMES SORGERECHT": JA UND NEIN

- Stand dieses Beitrags: 18.11.1997 -




[1] Gründel, Matthias: Gemeinsames Sorgerecht: Erfahrungen geschiedener Eltern. Freiburg im Breisgau (D): Lambertus, 1995, S. 171

[2] Gründel, Matthias: Gemeinsames Sorgerecht: Erfahrungen geschiedener Eltern. Freiburg im Breisgau (D): Lambertus, 1995, S. 67

[3] Kurdek, L.A., An Integrative Perspective on Children's Divorce Adjustment. American Psychologist 36 (1981), 856 866 - zitiert von: W.E. Fthenakis e.a.: Ehescheidung; Konsequenzen für Eltern und Kinder. München Wien Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1982, p. 161 sich basierend auf:
- Berg & Kelly, The Measured Self Esteem of Children from Broken, Rejected, and Accepted Families. Journal of Divorce 2 (1979), 363 370;
- Jacobsen, D.S., The Impact of Marital Separation/Divorce on Children: II. Interparent Hostility and Child Adjustment. Journal of Divorce 2 (1978), 3 19;
- Lowenstein & Koopman: A Comparison of the Self Esteem Between Boys Living with Single Parent Mothers and Single Parent Fathers. Journal of Divorce 2 (1978), 195 208;
- Rosen, R.: "Some Crucial Issues Concerning Children of Divorce." Journal of Divorce 3 (1979), 19 25;
- Wallerstein & Kelly: Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce." New York: Basic Books, 1980

[4] Norbert Hofmann-Hausner & Reiner Bastine (Psychologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg): Psychische Scheidungsfolgen für Kinder; Die Einflüsse von elterlicher Scheidung, interparentalem Konflikt und Nachscheidungssituation; Überblicksarbeit. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 24 (4), 285-299, 1995; p. 295

[5] Napp-Peters, Anneke: Familien nach der Scheidung. München: Antje Kunstmann, 1995, S. 141

[6] Amato, Paul R., Children's Adjustment to Divorce: Theories, Hypotheses, and Empirical Support

[7] Robert F. Cochran, Reconciling the Primary Caretaker Preference, the Joint Custody Preference, and the Case by Case Rule, in: Jay Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody & Shared Parenting.", New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p. 221

[8] cf. Hetherington, Family Interaction and the Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Development of Children After Divorce. The Family: Setting Priorities 71 (V.Vaughn & T.Brazelton eds. 1979); Jacobson: The Impact of Marital Separation/Divorce on Children: II. Interparent Hostility and Child Adjustment. 2 J. Divorce 3 (1978); Emery: Interpersonal Conflict and the Children of Discord and Divorce. 92 Psychological Bull. 310 (1982)

[9] cf. Hetherington, 1979, o.c., p. 74, note 13

[10] Robert F. Cochran, Reconciling the Primary Caretaker Preference, the Joint Custody Preference, and the Case by Case Rule, in: Jay Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody & Shared Parenting, New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p. 221-222

[11] Chambers, Rethinking the Substantive Rules for Custody Disputes in Divorce, 83 Mich. L. Rev. 477, 484 (1985)

[12] Robert F. Cochran, Reconciling the Primary Caretaker Preference, the Joint Custody Preference, and the Case by Case Rule, in: Jay Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody & Shared Parenting, New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p. 221-222.

[13] z.B. Goldstein, J., A. Freud & A.J. Solnit: Beyond the Best Interest of the Child. The Free Press, New York, 1973

[14] Committee on the Family of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry: New Trends in Child Custody Determinations. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry; v. 10, no. 106. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, USA, 1980; p. 80

[15] Robert F. Cochran: "Reconciling the Primary Caretaker Preference, the Joint Custody Preference, and the Case by Case Rule." in: Jay Folberg (ed.): "Joint Custody & Shared Parenting.", New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p. 229 & 232, note 82.

[16] Kurdek, L.A., An Integrative Perspective on Children's Divorce Adjustment. American Psychologist 36 (1981), 856 866. - zitiert von: W.E. Fthenakis e.a.: Ehescheidung; Konsequenzen für Eltern und Kinder. München Wien Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1982, p. 161 based upon:
- Hess & Camara,: Post Divorce Family Relationships as Mediating Factors in the Consequences of Divorce for Children, Journal of Social Issues 35 (1979), 79 96;
- Hetherington, Cox & Cox, Divorced Fathers, Family Coordinator 25 (1976), 417 428;
- Hetherington, Cox & Cox: The Aftermath of Divorce. In: Stevens, J., Jr., & Mathews, M. (Eds.): Mother Child, Father Child Relationships. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children 1978, 149 176;
- Jacobsen, The Impact of Marital Separation/Divorce on Children: I. Parent Child Separation and Child Adjustment, Journal of Divorce 2 (1978), 341 360;
- Rosen, Some Crucial Issues Concerning Children of Divorce. Journal of Divorce 3 (1979), 19 25;
- Wallerstein & Kelly: Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce. New York: Basic Books 1980;
- Wallerstein & Kelly: Effects of Divorce on the Visiting Father Child Relationship. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 137 (1980), 1534 1539.

[17] Napp-Peters, A. (1988). Scheidungsfamilie - Interaktionsmuster und kindliche Entwicklung. Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Frankfurt

[18] Norbert Hofmann-Hausner & Reiner Bastine (Psychologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg): Psychische Scheidungsfolgen für Kinder; Die Einflüsse von elterlicher Scheidung, interparentalem Konflikt und Nach-scheidungssituation; Überblicksarbeit. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 24 (4), 285-299, 1995; p. 295

[19] Wallerstein & Kelly: "Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce." 1980, p.134

[20] Kurdek and Berg: "Correlates of Children's Adjustment to Their Parents' Divorce.", New Directions for Child Development, Children and Divorce, 19, 47 60, 58 (1983)

[21] Hess & Camara: "Post Divorce Family Relationships as Mediating Factors in the Consequences of Divorce for Children." 35 J. of Soc. Issues 79, 92 94 (1979)).

[22] Johnston et al.: "Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access.", Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p.589-590

[23] Prof. Dr. W. Fthenakis, Direktor des Staatsinstituts für Frühpädagogik und Familienforschung in München, in der S.W.F. Sendung "Wir wollen friedlich auseinandergehen. Über ein erfolgreiches Modell von Scheidungs und Trennungsberatung zum Wohle der Kinder.", 01.06.1991.

[24] Steinman, S. "The experience of children in a joint custody arrangement: A report of a Study." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51: 403 414, 1981, p. 409: "Im allgemeinen waren die Kinder dieser Gruppe (mit einer gleichmäßig abwechselnder Beherbergung) nicht von Loyautätskonflikten zerrissen, wie man sie oft bei Kindern deren Eltern sich um ihnen oder über ihren Köpfen streiten sieht."

[25] Goldstein, J., A. Freud, & A.J. Solnit: Beyond the best interest of the child. The Free Press, New York (USA) 1973

[26] Abarbanel, A.: Shared parenting after separation and divorce: A study of joint custody. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 49: 320 329, 1979. - Steinman, S.: The experience of children in a joint-custody arrangement: A report of a study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51: 403-414, 1981.

[27] Coller, David: Joint Custody: Research, Theory, and Policy. Fam. Proc. 27: 459 469, 1988, p. 462

[28] - Abarbanel, A., Shared parenting after separation and divorce: A study of joint custody. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1979, 49, 320-329.
- Nehls, N.M. & Morgenbesser, M., Joint custody: An exploration of the issues. Family Process 1980, 19, 117-125.
- Watson, M.A., Custody alternatives: Defining the best interests of the children. Family Relations1981, 30, 474-479.

[29] Benjamin, Michael & Howard H. Irving: Shared parenting: Critical review of the research literature. Family and conciliation courts review / volume 27, number 2 / december 1989, 21-35, p. 24.

[30] - Shiller, V.M.: Joint versus maternal physical custody for families with latency age boys: Parent characteristics and child adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, (1986), 486-489.
- Shiller, V.M.: Loyalty conflicts and family relationships in latency boys: A comparison of joint and maternal custody. Journal of Divorce, 9(4), (1986b), 17-38.

[31] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M.Tshann: "Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access.", Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, 576-592, p. 577.

[32] Greif, J.B., Fathers, children, and joint custody. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1979, 49, 311-319.

[33] Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting in Canada: Questions answers, and implications. Canadian Family Law Quarterly 1986, 1, 79-103.
- Bowman, M.E. & Ahrons, C.R., Impact of legal custody status on father's parenting postdivorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1985, 47, 481-488.

[34] Greif, J.B. Fathers, children, and joint custody. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1979, 49, 311-319.

[35] Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting in Canada: Questions answers, and implications. Canadian Family Law Quarterly 1986, 1, 79-103.
- Bowman, M.E. & Ahrons, C.R., Impact of legal custody status on father's parenting postdivorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1985, 47, 481-488.

[36] Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Family Mediation: Theory and Practice of Dispute Resolution. Toronto: Carswell, 1987

[37] - Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting in Canada: Questions, answers, and implications. Canadian Family Law Quarterly 1986, 1, 79-103.
- Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting project: Overview and implications. In: J. Folberg (ed.) Joint Custody and Shared Parenting. 2nd Ed. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs and Association of Family & Conciliation Courts, 1989 )

[38] Rothberg, B., Joint custody: Parental problems and satisfaction. Family Process 1983, 22, 43-52

[39] - Ahrons, C.: Joint custody arrangements in the post-divorce family. Journal of Divorce 3(3): 189-205, 1980.
- Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting project: Overview and implications. In: J. Folberg (ed.), Joint Custody and Shared Parenting. 2nd Ed. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs and Association of Family & Conciliation Courts, 1989

[40] - Ahrons, C., Joint custody arrangements in the post-divorce family. Journal of Divorce 3(3): 189-205, 1980.
- D'Andrea, A., Joint custody as related to paternal involvement and paternal self-esteem. Conciliation Courts Review1983, 21, 81-87.
- Greif, J.B., Fathers, children, and joint custody. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1979, 49, 311-319

[41] - Rothberg, B., Joint custody: Parental problems and satisfaction. Family Process 1983, 22, 43-52.
- Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M., Shared parenting in Canada: Questions answers, and implications. Canadian Family Law Quarterly 1986, 1, 79-103

[42] - Weitzman, L.J., The Divorce Revolution: The unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America. New York: Free Press, 1985.
- Wallerstein, J.S. & Blakeslee, S. Second Chances: Men, Women, and Children a Decade after Divorce. NY: Ticknor & Fields, 1988.

[43] Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M. Family Mediation: Theory and Practice of Dispute Resolution. Toronto: Carswell, 1987

[44] Rothberg, B., Joint custody: Parental problems and satisfaction. Family Process 1983, 22, 43-52

[45] Benjamin, Michael & Howard H. Irving: Shared parenting: Critical review of the research literature. Family and conciliation courts review / volume 27, number 2 / december 1989, 21-35, p. 24-26

[46] Ilfeld, F.W., Ilfeld, H.Z. & Alexander, J.R.: Does joint custody work? A first look at outcome data of relitigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 139: 62-66, 1982.
See also:
- Ahrons, C.: Joint custody arrangements in the post-divorce family. Journal of Divorce 3(3): 189-205, 1980.
- Frankel, S.A.: Joint custody awards and children: A theoretical framework and some practical considerations. Psychiatry 48: 318-328, 1985.
- Leupnitz, D.: A comparison of maternal, paternal and joint custody: Understanding the varieties of post-divorce family life. Journal of Divorce 9(3): 1-12, 1986.
referred to in: Coller, David R.: Joint Custody: Research, Theory, and Policy. Fam. Proc. 27: 459 469, December 1988, p. 461

[47] Luepnitz, D.A., Child Custody: A Study of Families After Divorce. Lexington, MA: Lexington, 1982.

[48] Benjamin, Michael & Howard H. Irving: Shared parenting: Critical review of the research literature. Family and conciliation courts review / volume 27, number 2 / december 1989, 21-35, p. 24

[49] Deborah Anna Luepnitz, A Comparison of Maternal, Paternal, and Joint Custody: Understanding the Varieties of Post Divorce Family Life. Journal of Divorce, 9:3, Spring 1986; reprinted in: Jay Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody & Shared Parenting, New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p.109 110 & 113

[50] Deborah Anna Luepnitz: A Comparison of Maternal, Paternal, and Joint Custody: Understanding the Varieties of Post Divorce Family Life. Journal of Divorce, 9:3, Spring 1986; reprinted in: Jay Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody & Shared Parenting, New York & London, The Guilford Press, 1991, p.109

[51] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M. Tshann: Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access, Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p. 579-581

[52] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M. Tshann: Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access, Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p. 582

[53] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M. Tshann: Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access, Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p. 583

[54] Ähnliche Ergebnisse im Falle der nicht vom Richter auferlegten abwechselnder Betreuung: Wallerstein, Judith S. & Sandra Blakeslee: Nieuwe Kansen; Mannen, vrouwen en kinderen tien jaar na de scheiding. Het Spectrum BV (Scala-reeks), 1989; p. 314; Original: Second chances. Ticknor & Fields, New York, 1989;: "Nicht ein Vater hat sich von seinen Kindern abgewendet, während bei Regelungen mit einem hauptsächlich betreuenden Elternteil 7% von den Vätern aufgehört hat, ihre Kinder zu besuchen."

[55] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M. Tshann: Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access, Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p. 582-583

[56] Ilfeld, F.W., Ilfeld, H.Z., & Alexander, J.R.: Does joint custody work? A first look at outcome data of relitigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 139: 62-66, 1982

[57] Irving, H. H. & Benjamin, M.: Shared parenting in Canada: Questions answers, and implications. Canadian Family Law Quarterly 1986, 1, 79-103.

[58] Benjamin, Michael & Howard H. Irving: Shared parenting: Critical review of the research literature. Family and conciliation courts review / volume 27, number 2 / december 1989, 21-35, p. 24

[59] Coller, David, Joint Custody: Research, Theory, and Policy, Fam. Proc. 27: 459 469, 1988

[60] Kelly, J. B., Examining resistance to joint custody. In: J. Folberg (ed.): Joint Custody and shared parenting. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs & Association of Family & Conciliation Courts, 1984.

[61] Irving, H.H. & Benjamin, M. Family Mediation: Theory and Practice of Dispute Resolution. Toronto: Carswell, 1987.

[62] Benjamin, Michael & Howard H. Irving: Shared parenting: Critical review of the research literature. Family and conciliation courts review / volume 27, number 2 / december 1989, 21-35, pp. 28-29

[63] nach: Prof. E. E. Maccoby (Psycholog., Stanford University) & Prof. H. Mnookin (Jur., Harvard Law School) (Übersetzung: U.Stopfel): Die Schwierigkeiten der Sorgerechtsregelung. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht - FamRZ, 42. Jahrg., Heft 1, 1. Januar 1995, S. 1-16 (S. 1). Gekürzte Übersetzung des Schlusskapitels aus: E. E. Maccoby & H. Mnookin : Dividing the Child - Social & Legal Dilemnas of Custody. Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1992 (pocket book 1994)

[64] Johnston, Janet R., Marsha Kline, Jeanne M.Tshann: Ongoing Postdivorce Conflict: Effects on Children of Joint Custody and Frequent Access, Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 59(4), October 1989, p. 583, & 584, Table 2, & 587 & 588

[65] Greif: Fathers, Children, and Joint Custody, 49(2) Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 311, 318 (1979)

[66] Hammerstein Schoonderwoerd, Prof. Mr. W.: "Het gezin en de rol van de overheid, de wetgever en de rechterlijke macht in Nederland." in: International Council of Women: "Veranderende families in veranderende maatschappijen." Libelle, februari 1992, p. 21 & 18

[67] Boeykens, Lily: "De verloren vader." in: International Council of Women: "Veranderende families in veranderende maatschappijen." Libelle, 1992, p. 5

[68] Arbuthnot, Jack, & Donald A. Gordon: Does Mandatory Divorce Education for Parents Work? A Six-Month Outcome Evaluation. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 60-81.
- Blaisure, Karen, & Margie J. Geasler: Results of a Survey of Court-connected Parent Education Programs in U.S. Counties. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 23-40.
- Trecia Di Bias: Some Programs for Children. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 112-129.
- Braver, Sanford L, Peter Salem, Jessica Pearson,& Stephanie R. DeLusé: The Content of Divorce Education Programs: Results of a Survey. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 41-59.
- Salem, Peter, Andrew Schepard, & Stephen W. Schlissel: Parent Education as a Distinct Field of Practice: The Agenda for the Future. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 9-22.
- Biondi, Eileen D.: Legal Implementation of Parent Education Programs for Divorcing and Separating Parents. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 82-92.
- Schwartz, Maria Serrano: Bringing Peace to the Latino Community: Implementing a Parent Education Prgram. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 93-111.
- Slezak, Ingrid & Amy Swift: Proposal for a Pilot Education Program for Divorcing and Separating Parents. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34(1996)1, 130-139



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